حجة الله البالغة - Shah Waliullah Dehlawiاردو◂ Sources◂ Contents

القسم الأول · المبحث الأول · باب ٩

The Difference in People's Natures

باب اختلاف الناس في جبلتهم
Eight temperaments - and a bāb the author calls his own "opening"

Reference
Book
حجة الله البالغة - شاه ولي الله الدهلوي (م ١١٧٦ هـ)
Bāb
باب ٩ - اختلاف الناس في جبلتهم
Place
القسم الأول - المبحث الأول: في أسباب التكليف والمجازاة
Full title
باب اختلافِ الناسِ في جِبِلّتِهم المُستوجِبِ لاختلافِ أخلاقِهم وأعمالِهم ومراتبِ كمالِهم
Previous bābs
باب ٦ ← باب ٧ ← باب ٨
Next bāb
باب ١٠ - في أسباب الخواطر الباعثة على الأعمال
Edition
ed. سعيد أحمد البالنبوري - Dār Ibn Kathīr, Beirut; 3rd printing, 1438 AH / 2017 CE

The link: bāb 6 gave two powers - ملكية and بهيمية - and said there is تزاحمٌ وتجاذبٌ between them. This bāb takes those same two powers and asks: why do people differ from one another? And it draws the answer from the two powers' degrees and the manner of their meeting.

The bāb in brief
  1. The ground, from transmission: "if a mountain moves, believe it; if a man changes his nature, do not, فإنه يصيرُ إلى ما جُبِلَ عليه"; خُلِقوا على طبقاتٍ شتّى; الناسُ معادنُ كمعادنِ الذهبِ والفضةِ; and ﴿قل كلٌّ يعملُ على شاكلتِه﴾ - that is, طريقتُه التي جُبِلَ عليها.
  2. And then an unusual declaration: وإن شئتَ أن تَستجليَ ما فتحَ اللهُ عليَّ في هذا البابِ - "if you wish to see what God has opened to me in this chapter". What follows he ascribes to himself, from the meanings of these hadiths.
  3. The angelic power in two aspects: one الوجهُ المناسبُ بالملأِ الأعلى - being steeped in the knowledge of the names and attributes, knowing the subtleties of the realm of power, grasping the order comprehensively. The other المناسبُ بالملأِ السافلِ - an impulse does descend from above, but من غيرِ إحاطةٍ، ولا اجتماعِ الهمّةِ، ولا المعرفةِ.
  4. The animal power in two aspects too: الشديدةُ الصَّفيقةُ - like the horse reared on good feed and fitting handling: large-bodied, resonant of voice, piercing in resolve, greatly conceited, strong in anger and envy. And الضعيفةُ المُهَلهَلةُ - like the gelded and stunted animal reared in famine and unfitting handling.
  5. And this qualification saves everything: والقوتانِ جميعاً لهما جِبِلّةٌ تُخصِّصُ أحدَ وجهيها، وكسبٌ يؤيِّدُه ويُقوِّيه ويَمُدُّ فيه - nature fixes the aspect, but acquisition confirms, strengthens and extends it.
  6. Two ways of meeting: التجاذب - each demands its own extreme, so struggle is inevitable; if one prevails the other's traces are effaced. And الاصطلاح - the angelic comes down from its pure ruling and the animal climbs up from its own, فتصطلحانِ ويحصلُ مزاجٌ لا تخالُفَ فيه.

The real point: two powers × two degrees × two ways of meeting = eight heads. The text concedes that the degrees are endless (footnote: multiply the degrees of one by those of the other), but رءوسَ الأقسامِ … ثمانيةٌ - the recognisable heads are eight, "and whoever knows their rulings استراحَ من تشويشاتٍ كثيرةٍ - is relieved of many confusions". m: it is not a list of virtues but a map for reading people - that one and the same outward abstinence can come from two different roots, and that one and the same learning can exist without another's good conduct.


1

The ground: three hadiths and a verse

The bāb opens by naming its ground plainly - والأصلُ فيه ما رُوِيَ عن النبيِّ ﷺ. And the first hadith is startling in its very manner:

حدیث

إذا سمعتم بجبلٍ زالَ عن مكانِه فصدِّقوه، وإذا سمعتم برجلٍ تغيَّرَ عن خُلُقِه فلا تُصدِّقوا به، فإنه يصيرُ إلى ما جُبِلَ عليه.

The comparison is deliberately extreme: a mountain moving from its place is more credible than a man changing his nature. And the reason is at the end: فإنه يصيرُ إلى ما جُبِلَ عليه - he returns to what he was made upon.

حدیث

ألا إنَّ بني آدمَ خُلِقوا على طبقاتٍ شتّى.

The hadith continues - فمنهم من يُولَدُ مؤمناً - and the text, citing it, says فذكر الحديثَ بطولِه, noting also that it enumerates people's ranks in anger and in demanding repayment of a debt. So the talk of "ranks" is no abstract division - the hadith itself illustrates it by two everyday transactions.

حدیث

الناسُ معادنُ كمعادنِ الذهبِ والفضةِ.

And the verse, on which the text adds a brief gloss:

قرآن - الإسراء: ٨٤

﴿قُلْ كُلٌّ يَعْمَلُ عَلَى شَاكِلَتِهِ﴾

أي طريقتُه التي جُبِلَ عليها.

All four texts circle one matter, but they do not yield one conclusion. The hadith of معادن speaks of substance (gold, silver); طبقات شتى of ranks; the hadith of the mountain of fixity; and the verse of action - each works upon his own "disposition". m, which is why in the next line it claims that task as its own.

2

“What God has opened to me” - an unusual declaration

Here the text says something that rarely appears in the whole book:

وإن شئتَ أن تَستجليَ ما فتحَ اللهُ عليَّ في هذا البابِ وفهَّمَني من معاني هذه الأحاديثِ - فاعلمْ أن القوةَ المَلَكيةَ تُخلَقُ في الناسِ على وجهين.

Read this sentence and carry it forward; do not pass over it. ما فتحَ اللهُ عليَّ and وفهَّمَني - what follows is his own understanding of these hadiths, not a transmitted division he is relaying. m: the hadiths are proof; this eightfold inventory is an analysis, which the author expressly ascribes to himself. And the bāb closes in the same register: فهذه أصولٌ أعطانيها ربي. So read it with full weight, but keep it at the rank its own author gave it.

3

The angelic power: two aspects

The first division is within the angelic power, and both its aspects are named after bāb 3's two ranks:

أحدهما الوجهُ المناسبُ بالملأِ الأعلى، الذين شأنهم الانصباغُ بعلومِ الأسماءِ والصفاتِ، ومعرفةُ دقائقِ الجبروتِ، وتلقّي النظامِ على وجهِ الإحاطةِ به، واجتماعُ الهمّةِ على طلبِ وجودِه.

والثاني الوجهُ المناسبُ بالملأِ السافلِ، الذين شأنهم انبعاثٌ بداعيةٍ تترشَّحُ عليهم من فوقِهم، من غيرِ إحاطةٍ، ولا اجتماعِ الهمّةِ، ولا المعرفةِ.

The difference lies in four words, all present in the first aspect and absent from the second: الإحاطة (encompassing the order), اجتماع الهمة (resolve gathered to one point), المعرفة, and الانصباغ (being dyed through). In the second aspect the impulse also comes from above - تترشَّحُ عليهم من فوقِهم - but without comprehension, without gathered resolve, without knowledge.

This is bāb 3's structure applied to man. There الملأ الأعلى and الملأ السافل were two ranks of angels, and the lower rank's perfection was said to be "staying empty, awaiting the command". Here those same two ranks have become models of human temperaments. m - it means his knowing is comprehensive and the other's partial.

4

The animal power: two aspects - and a necessary qualification

The second division is within the animal power, and here the text gives two very bodily pictures:

وكذلك القوةُ البهيميةُ تُخلَقُ على وجهين: أحدهما البهيميةُ الشديدةُ الصَّفيقةُ كهيئةِ الفَحلِ الفارِهِ الذي نشأ في غذاءٍ … وتدبيرٍ مناسبٍ، فكان عظيمَ الجسمِ شديدَه، وجَهوريَّ الصوتِ، قويَّ البطشِ، ذا هِمّةٍ نافذةٍ وتِيهٍ عظيمٍ، وغضبٍ وحسدٍ قويّينِ … منافساً في الغلبةِ والظهورِ، شجاعَ القلبِ.

والثاني البهيميةُ الضعيفةُ المُهَلهَلةُ كهيئةِ الحيوانِ الخَصيِّ المُخْدَجِ الذي نشأ في جَدْبٍ وتدبيرٍ غيرِ مناسبٍ، فكان حقيرَ الجسمِ ضعيفَه، رَكيكَ الصوتِ، ضعيفَ البطشِ، جبانَ القلبِ، غيرَ ذي هِمّةٍ، ولا منافسةٍ في الغلبةِ والظهورِ.

Both comparisons are to animals and are unsparing - الفَحل الفاره a swift, full-blooded stallion; and الحيوان الخصيّ المُخْدَج a gelded, stunted beast. The footnote opens both words:

حاشیہ

المُهَلهَلةُ: الضعيفةُ … والمُخْدَجُ: الناقصُ، من خَدَجَتِ الناقةُ: جاءت بولدٍ ناقصٍ.

مهلهل properly describes loosely woven cloth - so animality's being "weak" is no merit but a slack weave. And مخدج is what was born incomplete. m: the text is not presenting weak animality as a commendation.

And now the qualification that keeps the whole bāb clear of determinism:

والقوتانِ جميعاً لهما جِبِلّةٌ تُخصِّصُ أحدَ وجهيها، وكسبٌ يؤيِّدُه ويُقوِّيه ويَمُدُّ فيه.
This one sentence separates the bāb from fatalism. In each power there are two things: a جِبِلّة that fixes the aspect, and a كسب that يؤيِّدُه ويُقوِّيه ويَمُدُّ فيه - confirms it, strengthens it, and extends it. So the first hadith ("a man does not change his nature") does not mean effort is futile; it means effort does not change the aspect, it changes the degree. And bāb 8's الاستعدادُ الأصليُّ والكسبيُّ was this very pair.

5

Two ways of meeting: pulling apart, or coming to terms

Now the third division - and the most useful of all. The two powers can be combined in one person in two ways. The first:

فتارةً تجتمعانِ بالتجاذبِ: تكونُ كلُّ واحدةٍ متوفِّرةً في طلبِ مقتضياتِها، طامحةً في أقصى غاياتِها، مريدةً سَنَنَها الطبيعيَّ، فلا جرمَ أن يقعَ بينهما التجاذبُ، فإن غلبت هذه اضمحلَّت آثارُ تلك، وكذلك العكسُ.

Each demands its utmost with full intensity, so a tug of war is inevitable - and the outcome is always one prevailing and the other's traces being effaced. The second way is its opposite:

وتارةً بالاصطلاحِ: بأن تنزلَ المَلَكيةُ عن طلبِ حكمِها الصُّراحِ إلى ما يقرُبُ منه - من عقلٍ وسخاوةِ نفسٍ وعِفّةِ طبعٍ، وإيثارِ النفعِ العامِّ على انتفاعِ نفسِه خاصةً، والنظرِ إلى الآجلِ دون الاقتصارِ على العاجلِ، وحبِّ النظافةِ في جميعِ ما يتعلَّقُ به - وتترقَّى البهيميةُ من طلبِ حكمِها الصُّراحِ إلى ما ليس ببعيدٍ من الرأيِ الكليِّ ولا مضادٍّ له، فتصطلحانِ ويحصلُ مزاجٌ لا تخالُفَ فيه.

Concession from both sides: the angelic comes down from its pure ruling, and the animal climbs from its own - and between them forms a temperament لا تخالُفَ فيه, with no internal quarrel in it. And the footnote says what "pure ruling" means, which matters greatly:

حاشیہ

الاصطلاحُ: المصالحةُ. والصُّراحُ: الصريحُ الخالصُ مما يشوبُه. وخالصُ حكمِها: هو الوصولُ إلى حظيرةِ القدسِ واللحوقُ بالملأِ الأعلى.

Without this footnote "coming down" could be badly misread. The angelic power's pure ruling is that a man reach the Enclosure of Holiness and join the highest council - pure spiritual absorption. So تنزل عن طلب حكمها الصراح is no moral descent; it means withdrawing from that extreme and being content with what is near it - intelligence, largeness of soul, chastity of temper, preferring the general benefit to one's own, looking to what is to come, and a love of cleanliness. m, and the text will shortly call him أحسنُهم عملاً وآدبُهم.

6

Eight heads - and endless degrees

Three divisions are made: angelic (high / low), animal (strong / weak), and meeting (pulling apart / coming to terms). The text first concedes that the intermediate degrees are countless, then stops the list at eight:

إلا أن رءوسَ الأقسامِ المنفرزةِ بأحكامِها، والتي يُعرَفُ غيرُها بمعرفتِها، ثمانيةٌ: حاصلةٌ من انقسامِ الاجتماعِ بالتجاذبِ إلى أربعةٍ - مَلَكيةٍ عاليةٍ تجتمعُ مع بهيميةٍ شديدةٍ أو ضعيفةٍ، أو مَلَكيةٍ سافلةٍ تجتمعُ مع بهيميةٍ شديدةٍ أو ضعيفةٍ - والاجتماعِ بالاصطلاحِ أيضاً إلى أربعةٍ مثلِها.

And the footnote opens that "endlessness" in the language of arithmetic:

حاشیہ

المَلَكيةُ إما أن تكونَ في غايةِ العلوِّ … أو في غايةِ السُّفلِ … وبين ذلك درجاتٌ … وحالُ البهيميةِ مثلُ حالِ المَلَكيةِ، فإذا ضُرِبَت درجاتُ إحداهما في الأخرى تذهبِ الأقسامُ إلى غيرِ النهايةِ.

The degrees multiply, which is why the classes are endless. And that is why the text calls the eight رءوس الأقسام - heads, not boxes: والتي يُعرَفُ غيرُها بمعرفتِها, by knowing which the rest are recognised.

ومن وُفِّقَ لمعرفةِ أحكامِها استراحَ من تشويشاتٍ كثيرةٍ.

Plate I

Three axes - and their multiplication

جِبِلّاتُ الناسِرءوسُ الأقسامِ ثمانيةٌtwo powers × two grades × two unionsالقوةُ المَلَكيةُعلى وجهينعاليةٌ - المناسبةُ بالملأِ الأعلىالإحاطةُ · اجتماعُ الهمّةِ · المعرفةُسافلةٌ - المناسبةُ بالملأِ السافلِبلا إحاطةٍ ولا اجتماعِ همّةٍالقوةُ البهيميةُعلى وجهينشديدةٌ صَفيقةٌ - كالفَحلِ الفارِهِهِمّةٌ نافذةٌ · تِيهٌ · شجاعةُ القلبِضعيفةٌ مُهَلهَلةٌ - كالخَصيِّ المُخْدَجِجُبنُ القلبِ · لا هِمّةَ ولا منافسةَاجتماعُ القوتينِعلى وجهينبالتجاذبِ - فإن غلبت هذه اضمحلَّت آثارُ تلكبالاصطلاحِ - تنزلُ هذه وتترقَّى تلكمزاجٌ لا تخالُفَ فيه

The bāb’s entire inventory comes out of these three binary divisions: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. The footnote recalls that the degrees multiply, so the classes are endless; the eight are only رءوس الأقسام.


7

The practical map: what the text says about its eight heads

Now the text declares that it will not give the full inventory - only what is needed:

ونحن نذكرُ ههنا من ذلك ما نحتاجُ إليه في هذا الكتابِ.

And what follows is given by axis, not by box. First two rulings:

فأحوجُ الناسِ إلى الرياضاتِ الشاقّةِ من كانت بهيميتُه شديدةً، لا سيما صاحبُ التجاذبِ. وأحظاهم بالكمالِ من كانت مَلَكيتُه عاليةً، لكن صاحبُ الاصطلاحِ أحسنُهم عملاً وآدبُهم.

Notice the "but" in each sentence. The largest share of perfection belongs to the man of high angelic power - yet the best in action and conduct is the man of "terms". The text is keeping perfection and excellence of conduct apart. And the next line is the other side of the same:

وصاحبُ التجاذبِ إذا انفلتَ من أَسْرِ البهيميةِ أكثرُهم علماً، ولا يُبالي بآدابِ العملِ كثيرَ مبالاةٍ.

This is a recognisable portrait, and the text draws it without softening. The man of "pulling apart", if he escapes the captivity of animality, is the most learned of them - because his angelic power made no concession and demanded its full extreme. But for that very reason, لا يُبالي بآدابِ العملِ. m - and this is a consequence of the text's own system, not a jibe.

And then the distinction that is this bāb's most useful instrument - one and the same outward abstinence, from different roots:

وأزهدُهم في الأمورِ العِظامِ أضعفُهم بهيميةً، لكن صاحبُ العاليةِ يتركُ الكلَّ تفرُّغاً للتوجُّهِ إلى اللهِ، وصاحبُ السافلةِ إن انفلتَ يتركُه للآخرةِ، وإلا يتركُه كَسَلاً ودَعَةً.

These are exactly the "confusions" one is meant to be relieved of. Two men hold back from great undertakings. Outwardly they are the same. But one left everything تفرُّغاً للتوجُّهِ إلى اللهِ; and the other - if he has escaped, for the sake of the hereafter, and if not, كَسَلاً ودَعَةً, out of idleness and love of ease. m. And the text draws the distinction not to convict anyone but because من وُفِّقَ لمعرفةِ أحكامِها استراحَ من تشويشاتٍ كثيرةٍ - whoever recognises them is spared much perplexity.

Then the contrary: وأشدُّهم اقتحاماً في الأمورِ العِظامِ أشدُّهم بهيميةً - the readiest to plunge into great undertakings is the one of strongest animality; but the man of high angelic power is أقومُهم بالرياساتِ (the best at holding authority), and the man of low angelic power أشدُّهم اقتحاماً في نحوِ القتالِ وحملِ الأثقالِ.

And now the topmost rung of this ladder:

ومن كانت عاليتُه منهم في غايةِ العلوِّ ينبعثُ إلى رياسةِ الدينِ والدنيا معاً، ويصيرُ باقياً بمرادِ الحقِّ وبمنزلةِ الجارحةِ له في تمامِ نظامٍ كليٍّ كالخلافةِ وإمامةِ المِلّةِ - وأولئك هم الأنبياءُ وورثتُهم، وأساطينُ الناسِ وسلاطينُهم، وأولو الأمرِ منهم.

The word الجارحة is familiar. In bāb 7 this same word was used of the prophet: واتَّخذَه جارحةً لإتمامِ مرادِه - God took him as a "limb" for completing His intent. Here the same word is applied to the temperament with angelic power at its utmost height and in "terms". m: the structure prophecy required is the last box on this map.

And finally two practical rulings on the ordering of religious life: والذين يجبُ انقيادُهم في دينِ اللهِ أهلُ الاصطلاحِ العاليةُ مَلَكيتُهم - those who must be obeyed in God's religion are the men of "terms" whose angelic power is high. And وأطوعُهم لأولئك أهلُ الاصطلاحِ السافلةُ مَلَكيتُهم، فإنهم يتلقَّونَ النواميسَ بأشباحِها وهيئاتِها - the most obedient to them are those whose angelic power is low, because they receive the laws together with their outward forms.

And on the men of "pulling apart", a plain and somewhat severe verdict:

وأطرفُهم منهم أهلُ التجاذبِ، لأنهم إما منهمكونَ في ظلماتِ الطبيعةِ فلا يُقيمونَ السُّنّةَ الراشدةَ، أو قاهرونَ عليها: فإن كانوا أهلَ عُلُوٍّ عضُّوا على أرواحِ النواميسِ، وكانت لهم مُسامحةٌ في أشباحِها، وكان أكثرُ همّتِهم معرفةَ دقائقِ الجبروتِ والانصباغَ بصِبغِها.

The men of "pulling apart" are split between two extremes: either sunk in the darknesses of nature, so that they do not uphold the rightly-guided way; or dominant over it - and then, if of the high sort, they bite down on the spirits of the laws and are lax about their outward forms. And if below that, they take to austerities and litanies, and are moved by the lightning-flashes of the angelic power (unveilings, answered prayers).

The eight heads, and what the text says of them. m - the text gives its rulings by axis (strong animality, high angelic power, terms…), not one ruling per box; where it is silent there is a "-".

MeetingAngelicAnimalThe text's ruling
تجاذبعاليةشديدةMost in need of severe austerity; if he escapes, أكثرهم علماً, but عضّوا على أرواحِ النواميسِ - lax about outward forms
ضعيفةMost withdrawn from great undertakings - تفرُّغاً للتوجُّهِ إلى اللهِ
سافلةشديدةأشدُّهم اقتحاماً في نحوِ القتالِ وحملِ الأثقالِ
ضعيفةIf he escapes, abstains for the hereafter; otherwise كَسَلاً ودَعَةً. Moved by austerities and flashes of the angelic power
اصطلاحعاليةشديدةأقومُهم بالرياساتِ; and at غايةِ العلوِّ: الأنبياءُ وورثتُهم, بمنزلةِ الجارحةِ
ضعيفةأحسنُهم عملاً وآدبُهم; يجبُ انقيادُهم في دينِ اللهِ
سافلةشديدةOccupied with both religion and world - ويقصدُهما مرةً واحدةً
ضعيفةأطوعُهم; يتلقَّونَ النواميسَ بأشباحِها وهيئاتِها

8

The close: “these are principles my Lord gave me”

The bāb ends in the register it began in:

فهذه أصولٌ أعطانيها ربي، من أتقنَها استجلى أحوالَ أهلِ اللهِ، ومَبلَغَ كمالِهم، ومَطمَحَ إشارتِهم عن أنفسِهم، وخرَّجَ مراتبَ سلوكِهم.

قرآن - يوسف: ٣٨

﴿ذَلِكَ مِنْ فَضْلِ اللهِ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَى النَّاسِ وَلَكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَشْكُرُونَ﴾

And the benefit is stated plainly too. Whoever masters these principles can see four things: أحوالَ أهلِ اللهِ (the states of the people of God), مَبلَغَ كمالِهم (the extent of their perfection), مَطمَحَ إشارتِهم عن أنفسِهم (the drift of their utterances about themselves), and مراتبَ سلوكِهم (the ranks of their wayfaring). m, and a sympathetic one: why different masters say different things and take different roads - because their natures differed. And that is why the closing verse is about gratitude, not pride.

9

Where people slip

Common misreading

"Nature cannot be changed, so effort is futile." - the text's qualification is explicit: in each power there is جِبِلّةٌ تُخصِّصُ أحدَ وجهيها and كسبٌ يؤيِّدُه ويُقوِّيه ويَمُدُّ فيه. Acquisition does not change the aspect, but it confirms, strengthens and extends. And the text's very first practical statement says as much: the man of strong animality is أحوجُ الناسِ إلى الرياضاتِ الشاقّةِ - his work is greater, not impossible.

Common misreading

"Coming to terms" means compromise or weakness. - the footnote blocks that: the angelic power's pure ruling is الوصولُ إلى حظيرةِ القدسِ واللحوقُ بالملأِ الأعلى. "Coming down" from that is no moral descent but the taking up of intelligence, largeness of soul, chastity of temper and the general benefit. And the text calls that very man أحسنُهم عملاً وآدبُهم, and the one whose obedience is obligatory in religion.

Fine distinction

These are not eight boxes but eight heads. رءوسَ الأقسامِ - and the text itself says the degrees are endless; the footnote explains it by multiplication. Fitting a person into one box is not the purpose of this map; the purpose is that يُعرَفُ غيرُها بمعرفتِها.

Fine distinction

"Weak animality" is no virtue. Look at the words: المُهَلهَلة (loosely woven) and المُخْدَج (born incomplete) - the footnote opens them just so. And one outcome of that temperament is abstaining كَسَلاً ودَعَةً. One form of abstinence, different roots.

Fine distinction

The difference between "high" and "low" angelic power is not of piety but of comprehension. The first has الإحاطة, اجتماع الهمة and المعرفة; in the second the impulse comes from above but without these. And in bāb 3 the lower council's perfection was precisely "staying empty, awaiting the command". Taking this for a rank of piety turns the map into a moral league table, which it is not.

Context

And this bāb is ascribed by the author to himself. ما فتحَ اللهُ عليَّ and فهذه أصولٌ أعطانيها ربي - at both its opening and its close. The hadiths are proof; this eightfold ordering is his own extraction of their meanings. Placing it at the rank of transmitted doctrine goes beyond the author's own statement.


10

Going deeper

These questions stay open

  • How are the first hadith ("a man does not change his nature") and كسبٌ يؤيِّدُه ويُقوِّيه reconciled? Does "nature" mean the aspect and acquisition the degree - or is some other division intended?
  • How far are the eight classes conventional and how far real? The text itself says the degrees are endless, so what is the criterion for stopping at eight: pedagogical convenience, or a genuine distinctness of rulings?
  • عضُّوا على أرواحِ النواميسِ وكانت لهم مُسامحةٌ في أشباحِها - this is a delicate statement. Does it license laxity in the law's outward form, or is it merely the description of a temperamental tendency? What remains of its juristic standing?
  • الأنبياءُ وورثتُهم، وأساطينُ الناسِ وسلاطينُهم - placing prophets and kings in one box. Is this only at the level of natural disposition, or does something follow from it about the relation of politics and prophecy?
  • Bāb 5's three strata (spirit, nasama, body), bāb 6's two powers, bāb 7's "reason dominant over the heart, the heart over the lower soul", and the two axes here - do they all make one diagram, or are they different angles?
  • What is the source of this inventory? The author calls it his own "opening", yet the terms angelic/animal and pulling-apart/coming-to-terms resemble the tradition of moral philosophy. How far is he giving existing terms new work?
Where the wording comes from: this bāb's Arabic was read from Palanpuri's scan, and the footnotes with it. His edition filled a gap: in the account of "coming to terms" the Shamela text drops a word after وعِفّة و…, and in the scan it is وعِفّةِ طبعٍ. In two further places his reading is the sounder: الذين شأنهم (Shamela: الذي شأنهم) and وأحظاهم بالكمالِ (Shamela: وأحظاها). But at two places the scan was illegible - the description of the stallion's feed, and the clause enumerating the eight classes - and their wording is from the Shamela text; the description of the feed, being doubtful, has been left out with an …. The mention of شبق has likewise been left out with an …. Check against the printed page.

▲ Contents of this bāb

Sources

This bāb's Arabic is from the scan of Palanpuri's edition, checked against the Shamela digital text.

The edition, the commentary, the searchable printings ▸

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