حجة الله البالغة - Shah Waliullah Dehlawiاردو◂ Sources◂ Contents

القسم الأول · المبحث الأول · باب ٥

The Reality of the Spirit

باب حقيقة الروح
Three looks, three strata - and a new definition of death

Reference
Book
حجة الله البالغة - شاه ولي الله الدهلوي (م ١١٧٦ هـ)
Bāb
باب ٥ - حقيقة الروح
Place
القسم الأول - المبحث الأول: في أسباب التكليف والمجازاة
Previous bābs
باب ٢ ← باب ٣ ← باب ٤
Next bāb
باب ٦ - سرّ التكليف
Edition
ed. سعيد أحمد البالنبوري - Dār Ibn Kathīr, Beirut; 3rd printing, 1438 AH / 2017 CE

The link: bāb 4 said that obligation rests on capacity. But who is the one obliged? This bāb opens the structure of that "who" - and in its last line sets the door to the next: the nasama's two faces, المَلَكيّة and البهيميّة, from whose struggle سرّ التكليف begins.

The bāb in brief
  1. The scope of the verse: ﴿قل الروح من أمر ربي﴾ is generally taken to mean "this question is forbidden". The text brings, on Ibn Masʿūd's authority, al-Aʿmash's reading ﴿وما أوتوا من العلم إلا قليلاً﴾ - that is, the address was to the Jews who asked, and the verse is no نصّ that nobody in this community may know the reality of the spirit.
  2. And a general principle: what the law is silent about is not in every case unknowable - often the silence is because it is a معرفة دقيقة, not a thing for the generality of the community to handle, though possible for some.
  3. Three successive looks - and this is the spine of the bāb. (1) The first look: the spirit is مبدأ الحياة. (2) Look harder and there is in the body a بخار لطيف, generated in the heart from خلاصة الأخلاط, carrying the sensing and moving powers - يجري فيه حكمُ الطبِّ. (3) Look harder still and that same vapour turns out to be the مطيّة, the mount, of the real spirit.
  4. The argument - "the person stays himself": the child grows and ages, the humours of the body and the spirit generated from them change more than a thousand times, colour, size, knowledge - all change, والشخصُ هو هو. So that by which he is "he" is neither this spirit, nor this body, nor these particulars.
  5. Then what is the spirit: حقيقةٌ فردانيةٌ ونقطةٌ نورانيةٌ - whose mode is too high for these changing, contrary modes. And it is كوّةٌ من عالَمِ القُدسِ, a skylight, through which there descends upon the nasama everything it has made itself ready for.
  6. A new definition of death: death is the parting of the nasama from the body - لا انفكاكُ الروحِ القُدسيِّ عن النَّسَمةِ. The spirit does not part from the nasama; which is why the barzakh is possible.

The real point: the bāb's largest construction is that it puts a third thing between two. Between spirit and body stands النَّسَمة, a برزخ متوسط. And wherever there is a barzakh, two faces are necessary: one toward the holy, one toward the earth. From this come المَلَكيّة and البهيميّة - and the whole next bāb is about the struggle between them. So the answer to "what is the spirit" becomes directly the answer to "why is there obligation".


1

What the verse says - and what it does not

The bāb opens with the verse most often cited on this subject:

قرآن - الإسراء: ٨٥

﴿يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الرُّوحِ قُلِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّي وَمَا أُوتِيتُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا﴾

Now watch the real move. The text brings a reading, and draws a conclusion from it:

وقرأ الأعمشُ من روايةِ ابنِ مسعودٍ ﴿وَمَا أُوتُوا مِنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا﴾، ويُعلَمُ من هنالك أن الخطابَ لليهودِ السائلين عن الروحِ، وليست الآيةُ نصّاً في أنه لا يعلمُ أحدٌ من الأمةِ المرحومةِ حقيقةَ الروحِ كما يُظَنُّ.

The difference is fine but carries the whole weight. In the well-known reading it is أُوتِيتُم - "you were not given knowledge", and the addressee could be anyone. In al-Aʿmash's reading it is أُوتُوا - "they were not given knowledge", third person: the very people who were asking. Changing the pronoun changes the scope of the verse: the clause turns from a general restriction into a comment on one particular group.

And from this a general principle is drawn, which is the declaration of the whole book's method:

وليس كلُّ ما سكتَ عنه الشرعُ لا يُمكِنُ معرفتُه البتّةَ، بل كثيراً ما يُسكَتُ عنه لأجلِ أنه معرفةٌ دقيقةٌ لا يصلُحُ لتعاطيها جمهورُ الأمةِ، وإن أمكنَ لبعضِهم.

This line is the warrant of the entire book. The law's silence can be of two kinds: "this cannot be known", or "this is not for everyone to handle". Shah Waliullah takes the second - and on that basis the whole of حجة الله البالغة can be written, a book that claims to open the secrets of the law. Grant the first and the book's subject falls away altogether.

Palanpuri's footnote at this place sets the verse into a wider pairing:

حاشیہ

واعلم أن النبيَّ ﷺ لما سُئِلَ عن حقيقةِ الروحِ أنزلَ اللهُ تعالى ﴿قُلِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّي﴾ فأشارَ إلى أنها من عالَمِ الأمرِ دونَ عالَمِ الخلقِ، وقال تعالى ﴿أَلَا لَهُ الْخَلْقُ وَالْأَمْرُ﴾ - فالبدنُ من عالَمِ الخلقِ المشهودِ، والروحُ من عالَمِ الأمرِ غيرِ المشهودِ، وليس في مقدرتِنا أن نفهمَ من حقيقتِها أكثرَ من هذا.

m The text says: the verse does not close the door. The footnote says: and even so, ليس في مقدرتنا أن نفهم أكثر من هذا. Together they set the temper of the bāb's closing line - inquiry is permitted, but within a limit.


2

Three looks - at one question

From here the bāb's real method begins, and it is thoroughly ordered. Three successive looks are taken at one question, and no look calls the previous one wrong - it opens another stratum beneath it.

The first look - what is understood before anything else:

واعلمْ أن الروحَ أوّلُ ما يُدرَكُ من حقيقتها أنها مبدأُ الحياةِ في الحيوانِ، وأنه يكون حيّاً بنفخِ الروحِ فيه، ويكون ميْتاً بمفارقتِها منه.

The definition does its work, but it is operational - the spirit is identified by its effect, not by what it is.

The second look - إذا أُمعِنَ في التأمُّل, when scrutiny is pressed further:

ثم إذا أُمعِنَ في التأمُّلِ يَنجلي أن في البدنِ بخاراً لطيفاً، متولداً في القلبِ من خلاصةِ الأخلاطِ، يحملُ القوى الحسّاسةَ والمحرِّكةَ والمدبِّرةَ للغذاءِ، يجري فيه حكمُ الطبِّ.

Five phrases deserve separate attention. بخار لطيف - a subtle vapour: material, but of the finest kind. متولد في القلب - generated in the heart. من خلاصة الأخلاط - from the "cream" of the humours, the purest layer of the body's substances. يحمل القوى - it is not itself a power but the bearer of powers. And most importantly: يجري فيه حكمُ الطبِّ - the rule of medicine runs in it.

Do not take that last qualification lightly. By saying "the rule of medicine runs in it", the text puts this stratum squarely in the medical domain - a thing a physician can speak about, whose states (thinness, thickness, clarity, turbidity) have effects known by experience. The text does not sacralise it. Which is why further on it calls it الطبقة السُّفلى من الروح.

And two similes are given for this stratum:

فهو الروحُ في أولِ النظرِ، والطبقةُ السُّفلى من الروحِ في النظرِ المُمعِنِ، مثلُه في البدنِ كمثلِ ماءِ الوردِ في الوردِ، وكمثلِ النارِ في الفحمِ.

Both similes are two sides of one point. Rose-water in the rose - present, belonging to it, yet not the petal; and it can be drawn out. Fire in charcoal - charcoal is not fire, yet fire does not appear here without it. That is: in the body, not the body, and not working at this level without the body.

The third look - ثم إذا أُمعِنَ في النظرِ أيضاً, and here is the real turn:

ثم إذا أُمعِنَ في النظرِ أيضاً انجلى أن هذا الروحَ مطيّةٌ للروحِ الحقيقيةِ، ومادةٌ لتعلُّقِها.

The word مطيّة is decisive: a mount. The rider is not the mount. And مادة لتعلُّقها - the "matter" through which the real spirit's attachment holds. So what was "the spirit" at the second look turns out at the third to be the spirit's vehicle.

Plate I

One question, three looks - each a stratum lower

So the word "spirit" in the text stands for two things, not one - and that ambiguity is what the bāb resolves: الطبقةُ السُّفلى and الروحُ الحقيقيةُ.

The sequence is the text’s own: أوّل ما يُدرَك ← إذا أُمعِنَ في التأمُّل ← ثم إذا أُمعِنَ في النظر أيضاً. No stage cancels the one before it; it opens another layer beneath it.


3

The argument: “the person stays himself”

The third look is not a bare claim - a regular rational argument is given for it, and this is the strongest part of the bāb:

وذلك أنّا نرى الطفلَ يشِبُّ ويَشيبُ، وتتبدَّلُ أخلاطُ بدنِه والروحُ المتولدةُ من تلك الأخلاطِ أكثرَ من ألفِ مرّةٍ، ويصغُرُ تارةً ويكبُرُ أخرى، ويسوَدُّ تارةً ويبيَضُّ أخرى، ويكون جاهلاً مرةً وعالماً أخرى، إلى غيرِ ذلك من الأوصافِ المتبدِّلةِ - والشخصُ هو هو.

وإن نُوقِشَ في بعضِ ذلك فلنا أن نفرضَ تلك التغيُّراتِ والطفلُ هو هو.

The structure is plain, and it is the familiar problem of personal identity:

  1. All the body's attributes change - size, colour, knowledge, even that vapour we were calling the spirit, more than a thousand times.
  2. For all that, we say without hesitation that this is the same person: والشخصُ هو هو.
  3. What changes cannot be the ground of what did not change.
  4. Therefore that by which he is "he" is none of these.

And the text forestalls an objection. Should someone say "but some attributes do persist" - there are two routes: either we suppose all those changes and still say الطفلُ هو هو; or we say that we do not insist on the persistence of the attributes, but we do insist on his persistence - فهو غيرُها, so he is other than they.

This phrase is familiar. هو هو - the definition of the world of images in bāb 2 turned on this very word: بمعنًى من معاني الهوهو, in one of the senses of "he is he". There the question was in what sense the snake of the dream and the snake of waking are "the same". Here the question is in what sense the child and the old man are "the same". One instrument, two places. Shah Waliullah's terms work across the bābs, which is why the book has to be read in sequence.
فالشيءُ الذي هو به هو ليس هذا الروحَ، ولا هذا البدنَ، ولا هذه المشخِّصاتِ التي تُعرَفُ وتُرى ببادئِ الرأيِ.

4

So what is the spirit: a singular reality, a point of light

After the negation, the affirmation. And here the text's language changes abruptly - from medical to metaphysical:

بل الروحُ في الحقيقةِ حقيقةٌ فردانيةٌ ونقطةٌ نورانيةٌ، يَجِلُّ طَوْرُها عن طَوْرِ هذه الأطوارِ المتغيرةِ المتغايرةِ التي بعضُها جواهرُ وبعضُها أعراضٌ.

وهي مع الصغيرِ كما هي مع الكبيرِ، ومع الأسودِ كما هي مع الأبيضِ، إلى غيرِ ذلك من المتقابلاتِ.

Two footnotes open this passage, both brief and both decisive:

حاشیہ

فردانيةٌ: أي بسيطةٌ.

يعني أطوارَ النَّسَمةِ.

The first replaces فردانية with بسيطة - that is, non-composite, having no parts. And this is exactly what the preceding argument requires: what is composite changes when its parts change, so what does not change must be simple. The second says that هذه الأطوار means the modes of the nasama - what changes is the nasama, not the spirit.

And the sense of يَجِلُّ طَوْرُها عن طَوْرِ… is that the difference is not of degree but of mode - the spirit is not in the same rank as things some of which are substances and some accidents. Hence it is with the small as it is with the great: contraries do not act on it, because it is not of their genus.


5

The skylight - and the simile of the sun

Now the text states the spirit's two attachments, and then gives the image that is the most memorable thing in the bāb:

ولها تعلُّقٌ خاصٌّ بالروحِ الهوائيِّ أولاً، وبالبدنِ ثانياً، من حيثُ إن البدنَ مطيّةُ النَّسَمةِ، وهي كوّةٌ من عالَمِ القُدسِ ينزلُ منها على النَّسَمةِ كلُّ ما استعدَّت له.

فالأمورُ المتغيرةُ إنما جاء تغيُّرُها من قِبَلِ الاستعداداتِ الأرضيةِ، بمنزلةِ حَرِّ الشمسِ: يُبيِّضُ الثوبَ، ويُسوِّدُ القصّارَ.

كوّة means a skylight, an opening. The spirit is an aperture onto the world of holiness - and through it descends upon the nasama "everything it has made itself ready for". Then the simile: the sun's heat whitens the cloth and blackens the launderer.

Here is the bāb's real point. One sun, one heat, one moment - two contrary results. The difference is not in what comes but in what receives. With this single simile the text does what long theological discussions do: the outpouring is general, the disparity is of readiness. And m - one rule, different outcomes, because capacities differ.

Palanpuri's footnote opens the simile and joins another Qur'anic image to it:

حاشیہ

أي الروحُ القُدسيُّ بمنزلةِ الكوّةِ، ينزلُ منها على النَّسَمةِ كلُّ ما استعدَّت له النفسُ من الكمالاتِ وأضدادِها. وليس الخلافُ في النازلِ، إنما الخلافُ في استعدادِ النَّسَمةِ … والغيثُ يسقي الأرضَ سواءً، ولكن البلدَ الطيبَ يُخرِجُ نباتَه بإذنِ ربِّه، والذي خَبُثَ لا يُخرِجُ إلا نَكِداً.

وليس الخلافُ في النازلِ، إنما الخلافُ في استعدادِ النَّسَمةِ - that sentence is the best summary of the text's point, and in those words it is not in the text itself. The footnote has joined rain to the sun: the shower waters the ground equally, but the good land brings forth its growth by its Lord's leave, and the bad brings forth only scrub.


6

A new definition of death

Now the first large consequence of the whole structure. And it is the bāb's boldest claim:

وقد تحقَّقَ عندنا بالوجدانِ الصحيحِ أن الموتَ انفكاكُ النَّسَمةِ عن البدنِ لفَقْدِ استعدادِ البدنِ لتوليدِها، لا انفكاكُ الروحِ القُدسيِّ عن النَّسَمةِ.

The common idea is that in death the spirit leaves the body. The text does not call this correct. What breaks in death is the lower joint - between nasama and body - and the reason is given: لفَقْدِ استعدادِ البدنِ لتوليدِها, the body has lost the capacity to generate that vapour. The upper joint, between spirit and nasama, holds.

Then another question arises: in a long illness the nasama dissolves away; if it vanished entirely, to what would the spirit be attached? The answer comes by an experimental simile:

وإذا تحلَّلَتِ النَّسَمةُ في الأمراضِ المُدْنِفةِ وجبَ في حكمةِ اللهِ أن يبقى الشيءُ من النَّسَمةِ بقدرِ ما يصحُّ ارتباطُ الروحِ الإلهيِّ بها، كما أنك إذا مصَصْتَ الهواءَ من القارورةِ تخلخلَ الهواءُ حتى تبلُغَ إلى حدٍّ لا تخلخلَ بعده، فلا تستطيعُ المَصَّ، أو تنفقئُ القارورةُ، وما ذلك إلا لسرٍّ ناشئٍ من طبيعةِ الهواءِ، فكذلك سِرٌّ في النَّسَمةِ وحدٌّ لها لا يُجاوِزُهما الأمرُ.

The simile is worth attention because it is drawn from observation. Keep drawing air out of a flask: the air thins and rarefies, but a limit comes beyond which no further rarefaction is possible - and then there are only two outcomes: either you can draw no more, or the flask implodes. That limit is "a secret arising from the nature of air". Such a secret and such a limit are in the nasama too: it cannot go below a certain measure.

The force of this simile is in where it stands. The text is explaining a metaphysical claim (the spirit's attachment is not severed) by a physical observation, and the ground of the claim is given as الوجدان الصحيح rather than a scriptural text. m: where there is no text, he argues from reason and observation, and states plainly what rank the claim has.

Plate II

Three strata - and where death cuts

الرُّوحُ الإلهيُّ / القُدسيُّحقيقةٌ فردانيةٌ ونقطةٌ نورانيةٌكوّةٌ من عالَمِ القُدسِfootnote: فردانية أي بسيطة - simple, therefore unchangingيَجِلُّ طَوْرُها عن طَوْرِ الأطوارِمع الصغيرِ كما مع الكبيرِالنَّسَمةُالبخارُ اللطيفُ المتولِّدُ في القلبِيحملُ القوى الحسّاسةَ والمحرِّكةَبرزخٌ متوسطٌ - ولها وجهانِوجهٌ إلى القُدسِ = المَلَكيّةُوجهٌ إلى الأرضِ = البهيميّةُيجري فيه حكمُ الطبِّكماءِ الوردِ في الوردِوكالنارِ في الفحمِمطيّةٌ للروحِ الحقيقيةِالموتُانفكاكُ النَّسَمةِ عن البدنِلا انفكاكُ الروحِ عن النَّسَمةِa remnant is leftالبدنُ الأرضيُّمطيّةُ النَّسَمةِفَقَدَ استعدادَه لتوليدِهاDeath does not break the upper joint - and from that one fact the whole chapter of the barzakh becomes possible

The text’s order: الروحُ الإلهيُّ ← النَّسَمةُ ← البدنُ الأرضيُّ. The middle rank is a برزخٌ متوسطٌ, which is why it has two faces. Death breaks only the lower joint.


7

After death: the barzakh, and the blast of the trumpet

Since the upper joint is intact, something remains after death - and the text says how it works:

وإذا ماتَ الإنسانُ كان للنَّسَمةِ نشأةٌ أخرى، فيُنشِئُ فيضُ الروحِ الإلهيِّ فيها قوةً فيما بقيَ من الحسِّ المشتركِ تكفي كفايةَ السمعِ والبصرِ والكلامِ، بمددٍ من عالَمِ المثالِ - أعني القوةَ المتوسطةَ بين المجرَّدِ والمحسوسِ، المنبثّةَ في الأفلاكِ كشيءٍ واحدٍ.

وربما تستعدُّ النَّسَمةُ حينئذٍ لِلباسٍ نورانيٍّ أو ظُلمانيٍّ بمددٍ من عالَمِ المثالِ، ومن هنالك تتولَّدُ عجائبُ عالَمِ البرزخِ.

Three things are happening at once here. One - نشأة أخرى, a new constitution of the nasama; it exists in another manner, without the body. Two - the power of hearing, seeing and speaking is produced in what remains of الحسّ المشترك, that is, without separate organs. Three - and all of this is بمددٍ من عالَمِ المثالِ, from bāb 2's very world.

Bāb 2's definition is completed here. There the world of images was عالماً غير عنصري. Here it is a power: القوة المتوسطة بين المجرَّد والمحسوس - between the immaterial and the sensible, and المنبثّة في الأفلاك كشيءٍ واحدٍ, diffused through the spheres as one thing. This is a more determinate statement than bāb 2's, which is why the two bābs should be read together.

Palanpuri footnotes both points:

حاشیہ

الحسُّ المشتركُ الذي هو منبعُ الحواسِّ … وعالَمُ المثالِ: عبارةٌ عن قوةٍ ليست مجرَّداً بَحْتاً ولا ماديّاً صِرفاً … وذلك القوةُ منتشرةٌ في الأفلاكِ كشيءٍ واحدٍ، كضوءِ الشمسِ والهواءِ منتشرانِ في الفضاءِ كشيءٍ واحدٍ.

كما في الحديثِ: «إن أرواحَ الشهداءِ في أجوافِ طيرٍ خُضْرٍ» - فالطيورُ الخُضْرُ: لباسٌ نورانيٌّ مثاليٌّ.

The second footnote is especially useful: the souls of the martyrs being "in the bellies of green birds" is an instance of that لباس نوراني. So the hadith's image is taken neither as a literal body nor as mere simile - but as a garment of the world of images.

And at the end the blast of the trumpet, which the text describes as an outpouring:

ثم إذا نُفِخَ في الصورِ أي جاء فيضٌ عامٌّ من بارئِ الصورِ بمنزلةِ الفيضِ الذي كان منه في بدءِ الخلقِ حين نُفِخَتِ الأرواحُ في الأجسادِ، وأُسِّسَ عالَمُ المواليدِ.

So the blast of the resurrection is not a new creation but a repetition of the first - the same outpouring, in the same manner. And from it follows the spirit's putting on a bodily garment, or one between image and body, so that all may be realised that الصادق المصدوق foretold.


8

Two faces - and the door to the next bāb

The bāb ends on a sentence that looks like a conclusion and functions as a door:

ولما كانتِ النَّسَمةُ برزخاً متوسطاً بين الروحِ الإلهيِّ والبدنِ الأرضيِّ وجبَ أن يكونَ لها وجهٌ إلى هذا ووجهٌ إلى ذلك، والوجهُ المائلُ إلى القُدسِ هو المَلَكيّةُ، والوجهُ المائلُ إلى الأرضِ هو البهيميّةُ.

Look at the form of the argument: ولما كانت … وجب - "since it is a barzakh, it follows necessarily". This is not an observation but a conclusion drawn from structure. Whatever lies between two things must have a face toward each. And those two faces are named: المَلَكيّة and البهيميّة.

That line is the first sentence of bāb 6. The next bāb - باب سرّ التكليف - opens with these very two words: God deposited in man a قوّة ملكية and a قوّة بهيمية, وبين القوتين تزاحمٌ وتجاذبٌ - and the struggle between them is the secret of obligation. So in the course of answering "what is the spirit" the text has arrived at the answer to "why is man obliged". Bāb 4 gave obligation's outward condition (the rule not changing); this bāb gives its inward one.

And at the very end he sets the limit of his own claim:

على هذه المقدِّماتِ لتُسَلَّمَ في هذا العلمِ، وتُفرَّعَ عليها التفاريعُ، قبل أن ينكشفَ الحجابُ في علمٍ أعلى من هذا العلمِ.

m At the start he opened the verse's door; at the end he sets a limit himself. What has been said are مقدّمات - "to be granted in this science, and to have branches derived from them", before the veil is lifted in a science above this one. That is: not the last word, but enough for this level.


9

Where people slip

Common misreading

"قل الروح من أمر ربي closed the question." - the text's first task is to break that assumption. From al-Aʿmash's reading he shows the address was to the Jews who asked, and that the verse is no نصّ that nobody in this community can know. But this is a minority view - and that should be kept clear (see below).

Fine distinction

"Nasama", "subtle vapour" and "airy spirit" are not three things - they are three names for one. The text calls it by different names in different places, and Palanpuri's own list makes it explicit: هي بخارٌ لطيفٌ، وهو النَّسَمة. Likewise الروح الحقيقية, الروح الرباني and الروح القدسي all name one thing. Take the names for separate entities and three strata become five or six, and the map is ruined.

Fine distinction

In death the spirit does not leave the body. The text's definition is انفكاكُ النَّسَمةِ عن البدنِ … لا انفكاكُ الروحِ القُدسيِّ عن النَّسَمةِ. The common expression ("the soul departed") is, in this bāb's system, a statement one level down. And this very distinction is what makes the barzakh possible - if the upper joint broke too, what would remain after death?

Fine distinction

Do not look for the "subtle vapour" in modern biology. It is stated in the medical language of its age (humours, spirits), and the text itself hands it over to medicine: يجري فيه حكمُ الطبِّ. The bāb's claim does not rest on that physiology but on the structure the three strata make. Change the physiology and the argument ("the person stays himself") still stands.

Context

This bāb cannot be read alone. هو هو comes from bāb 2, the definition of عالم المثال completes bāb 2, "one outpouring, different readiness" continues bāb 4's way of God, and the last line is the beginning of bāb 6. It is joined on every side.

Honesty requires it - this is not the majority view. Palanpuri's footnote here states three things plainly, and none of them favours the text: (1) وليست هذه القراءةُ في السبعةِ، بل ولا في المشهورِ من غيرها - this reading is not among the seven, nor even among the well-known readings outside them. (2) The view that the address is specific to the Jews is ascribed to Ibn Masʿūd, واختاره الإمامُ المصنِّفُ - and the author adopted it. (3) But والجمهورُ ذهبوا إلى أن الخطابَ عامٌّ - the majority hold the address is general, so that nobody knows the reality of the spirit. That is, Shah Waliullah here takes a path away from the majority on the strength of an irregular reading. A reader should know this, or his point looks more settled than it is.

10

Going deeper

These questions stay open

  • If النَّسَمة is the vapour generated from the humours, in what sense is "what remains" after death material? The flask simile gives a limit, not a nature.
  • Does the division of عالم الأمر and عالم الخلق - which the footnote brings - map onto the text's three strata? The spirit from the world of command, the body from the world of creation; then where is the nasama?
  • Bāb 2 called the world of images a world; here it is called a power. Are these two expressions or two things?
  • The notion of الحسّ المشترك is taken here from the philosophy of the soul. How far does Shah Waliullah take the term with its original system, and where does he break from it?
  • How does the "the person stays himself" argument meet the later debates (transmigration, bodily resurrection, personal identity)? The text uses it for the resurrection - can the same argument be run against it?
  • One saying in the footnotes is attributed to "(Sindī)" - so more than one commentator's voice is present in the apparatus. Where is Palanpuri speaking for himself and where quoting?
Where the wording comes from: this bāb's Arabic was read from Palanpuri's scan, and the footnotes with it. The scan's OCR helped in several places - for instance يجري فيه حكمُ الطبِّ and كمثلِ ماءِ الوردِ في الوردِ, where the Shamela text is shorter or different. But at four places the scan was illegible - وليس كلُّ ما سكتَ عنه الشرعُ, the middle of the argument (ويصغُرُ تارةً ويكبُرُ أخرى), ومادةٌ لتعلُّقِها, and وهي كوّةٌ من عالَمِ القُدسِ - and the wording of these is from the Shamela text. (The word "kuwwa" is itself confirmed by his own footnote.) Check them against the printed page.

▲ Contents of this bāb

Sources

This bāb's Arabic is from the scan of Palanpuri's edition, checked against the Shamela digital text.

The edition, the commentary, the searchable printings ▸

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